What happens at the Ceremony of one in the giver? When he went up to ask he said sure with his normal smile, but there was something different, a slight hesitation. It is a special job that does not come up often. Being the last Ceremony, the Ceremony of Twelve comes with much excitement as the Twelves will learn what their Assignment, or job, will be. for a group? At eight, children begin their mandatory community volunteer hours and receive jackets with pockets because they are now old enough to keep track of their smaller possessions. However, the discordant notes remain, highlighted by Jonass description of himself as frightened at the beginning of the book. Everyone was gone except for Asher and Fiona. In the community where Jonas lives, the term release means death. She had applied for release and then all the memories were loose, The Giver had said. All rights reserved. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Jonas refuses. They participate each December up until age Twelve, when each child is given an Assignment, or job, chosen by the Committee of Elders. The ceremony of the ones twos threes fours fives six sevens eights nines tens and elevens. Chapter 19: In chapter 19 Jonas was interested in the release of the newchild. Therefore, the absence of color also lost the prettiness in life. You'll also receive an email with the link. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Chapter 3: In chapter 3 Jonass father had talked about how there was this baby, (He worked at the nurturing job so he took care of babies) who wasnt doing very well so they were talking about realeasing him. There is a ceremony for each age level from one to twelve. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? The Ceremony of 10 is when children receive their distinctive haircuts. He wonders, will he remain friends with his childhood friends Asher and Fiona? Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Jonas had seen a birthday party. Andrea Cox has twelve years of classroom experience teaching upper elementary and middle grade levels. Jonas rarely dreamed but that day he had vividly dreamed. I feel like its a lifeline. That is what happened in chapter 16. What does release actually mean? The newchild and their comfort object, a stuffed animal that is given to them at birth, are given to the assigned family unit after the Naming. He prefers that the The Giver keep his memories, because they are so precious to him. 7 | Summary & Quotes, Society in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Summary & Themes, Fiona in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Character, Traits & Analysis, The Giver by Lois Lowry: Ch. WebThe Giver Ceremonies What gift do the children receive at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12? Her parents help her to understand that the boy probably felt out of place, and she becomes less angry. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. He explained that in memories things had a shape and size like now but they also had color. Since Jonas seems so comfortable with the more unusual aspects of his society, we begin to think of them as normal, but at the same time his fear at the beginning of the story makes us slightly wary of totally accepting them. Jonas is about to turn twelve, which is the last and most significant ceremony. a year of life. A The Chief Elder goes on to list the traits that Jonas needs to haveor gainto be Receiver of Memory. SparkNotes PLUS A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Assignments are carefully chosen by the Committee of Elders as they observe and note the personality traits and experiences of each child as they grow up and during their volunteer hours over four years. Jonas and the Giver choose December as the time to implement the escape plan because it coincides with the communitys major ceremony of the year. He is thoughtful, and reflective, and has visions. The event provides the perfect opportunity for Jonas to gain some time to escape without detection. What does Miss Emily do that makes the townspeople think that she and her boyfriend have wed A Rose for Emily? The ceremony of twelve has not happened yet and that is jonass. succeed. Children are not born to parents in the usual way in Jonass community. These are intelligence, integrity, courage, wisdom, and the capacity to see beyond (Ch. eNotes Editorial, 31 Oct. 2015, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/giver-why-december-eventful-jonas-community-521927. Erica has taught college English writing and literature courses and has a master's degree in children's literature. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. During the December Ceremony, families receive their newchildren, children formally transition to the next stage of their childhood, and twelve-year-old adolescents receive their future Assignments. Lily says she was angry at a child visiting from a nearby community who did not observe her childcare groups play area rules. Everyone turns a year older on the same day, in What is the minimum point on the average variable cost curve called? What gift do the children receive at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12? At Seven, the children receive front-buttoned jackets, a symbol of independence and growing up. At the beginning of The Giver, we have a difficult time figuring out the setting of the novel. Ceremony of Three: Girls start growing their hair and receive their hair ribbons; both males and females start dream-telling each morning at breakfast. He calls it music and offers to give the memory to Jonas. Ones are babies who are formally adopted into the community by being given names and family units. For the youngest children, the ceremony means that they will be assigned a family. 66 lessons He is worried because he is passing a major milestone for his community, and he does not know what is in store for him. WebThe Giver (2014) At the beginning of the film, Jonas and his fellow Seventeens go through the Ceremony of Eighteen (known as Ceremony of Graduates in the film) and receive their You cant tell us what to play said Asher, then Fiona had rode off with Asher and Jonas felt he had lost his friends. In this ceremony the children that are 12 are assigned there jobs. Jonas wanted too to talk about his training but he is not supposed to and he would not know how to explain it. He was surprised at some of them and amazed how some people would actually do that. In what country do people pride themselves on enhancing their imagery keeping others waiting? Now when Jonas goes to the Givers house for training he often sees the giver rocking on the floor. What are 4 main causes of voter apathy What are 4 solutions? The elders watch the elevens very closely to see what jobs will fit them best. We are also more likely to pick up on the ominous meaning of releasethe punishment given to the pilot who accidentally flew over the community. Then he understood. Jonas begins by describing his feeling as frightened, but after some thought decides that word is too strong to describe what he is feeling. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. | 2 Although citizens stop counting age after twelve, everyone still participates in the ceremonies, watching as each child is given new responsibilities each progressive year. December is an important month in the community, because it is the month of ceremonies. Each December, all the newchildren born in the previous year turned One. Chapter 8 The next day Jonas begins training with The Receiver, whom he calls The Giver, Jonas is going to the ceremony of twelve in december, which he is nervous about. During the Ceremony of One, newchildren, the children born during the previous year, turn One. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. I feel like its a lifeline. 66 lessons The Giver.. How are birthdays celebrated? Jonass father, who is a Nurturer (he takes care of the communitys babies, or newchildren), describes his struggles with a slowly developing baby whose weakness makes it a candidate for release. The Giver wished that they would not do that. Jonas did not understand much so the Giver gave him the memory of a rainbow. Contrast why December is eventful in Jonass society with why December is eventful in our society. 20% What happens each December the giver? In The Giver, Jonas recognizes that he is feeling apprehensive about the upcoming Ceremony of Twelve. What does December symbolize in the Giver? During the Ceremony of One, for example, all children born that year receive their name and are placed with a family unit. In The Giver by Lois Lowry, children participate in Ceremonies from ages One through Twelve instead of celebrating their age on an individual birthday. After twelve, a person is becoming an adult and treated less and less like a child. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. WebCeremony of Eight In the Ceremony of Eight, children turn Eight and their Comfort Objects (stuffed animals) are taken away. 6 chapters | Jonas does not know what job will fit him best and he is worried he will get a job he does not like. Having accepted that Jonas likes living in his community with his family, we have grown less frightened and more apprehensive with him. Chapter 14: In chapter 14 the Giver gave Jonas a memory when he was on the sled again but on ice. The males are given special calculators to use in school, which come in a wrapped package. The Giver would give him memories of courage and strength so that he would be able to cope with the challenges he would face during and after his escape. The Committee members observe the Elevens all year, at school and play and at the volunteer work they are required to do after school, and consider each childs abilities and interests when they make their selection. What is a place that honors a thing or a personSh_ine? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Nine is also a big year for children in Jonas' community: at nine, children receive their very own bicycles. At each Ceremony, the children receive new privileges and/or gifts indicating their expected level of maturity. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. One of the ways this similarity is encouraged is through the Ceremonies, or way of counting children's ages. Whenever it was his turn, they skipped over him! His parents started talking to him about how those were stirrings, they gave him pills that every parent had to take, i think that they control your feelings. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Giver! Tens receive distinctive haircuts. The Ceremony takes place in the month of December and follows the Ceremony of Elevens. After the age of twelve, no one keeps track any more. A ceremony can help to show people they are united and that they belong. Many years they get new types of clothing intended to help them grow up. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The Ceremony of One is described in the book as ''always noisy and fun.'' Even though it is against the rules, many of them have already learned how to ride from an older sibling - this is one of the only rules that is overlooked when broken. Read more about how Lowry uses foreshadowing to create suspense. Age begins to be counted at the first December Ceremony after being born. We are more likely now to notice that the societys rules, though they are meant to help its citizens, limit personal freedom. 1 | Summary, Quotes & Analysis, Symbols in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Symbolism & Analysis, "The Giver" by Lois Lowry | Conflict, Resolution & Examples, The Giver by Lois Lowry Themes | Themes & Analysis, The Giver by Lois Lowry | Figurative Language, Analysis & Examples, Climax & Ending in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Summary & Analysis, The Giver by Lois Lowry | Plot, Summary & Characters, The Giver Book Series | Lois Lowry Book Summaries, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, College English Literature: Help and Review, Sherlock Holmes Short Stories Study Guide, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, The Return of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow Study Guide, The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, Middle School Earth Science: Help and Review, Create an account to start this course today. Jonas asked The Giver what is favorite memory was. Initially, the picture we get of Jonass society is positive. The smallest one had to be released so his father took a needle with medicine in it and put it in his head, that had killed the baby, Jonas was in shock at what his dad had done. Chapter 10: In chapter 10 it was the first day of jonass training. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. 1 | Summary, Quotes & Analysis, Symbols in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Symbolism & Analysis, "The Giver" by Lois Lowry | Conflict, Resolution & Examples, The Giver by Lois Lowry Themes | Themes & Analysis, The Giver by Lois Lowry | Figurative Language, Analysis & Examples, Climax & Ending in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Summary & Analysis, The Giver by Lois Lowry | Plot, Summary & Characters, The Giver Book Series | Lois Lowry Book Summaries, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, College English Literature: Help and Review, Sherlock Holmes Short Stories Study Guide, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, The Return of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow Study Guide, The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes Study Guide, Middle School Earth Science: Help and Review, Create an account to start this course today. She has spent the past three years teaching middle school English Language Arts courses. She also alludes to future, fearful situations because Jonas fear apprehension has just begun. When the training ended the old man seemed tired. on 50-99 accounts. He has one during the ceremony. Chapter 18: In chapter 8 Jonas had a lot of questions for the giver about the last reciever in training. Females lose their braids. At all of the ceremonies you recieve something different. What are the rules and regulations in the giver? Read more about why Lowry tells the story from Jonass point of view. What is the Ceremony of Twelve, and why is this the most important ceremony in The Giver? Their government assigns them, another form of control over the society that has been created. Jonas is told that he is has been selected for his assignment, rather than just assigned like everyone else. We learn that every December, all of the children in the community are promoted to the next age groupall four-year-old children become Fives, regardless of the time of year when they were actually born. Many of the people in the community had dark eyes, but the baby had light eyes, like Jonas. Erica has taught college English writing and literature courses and has a master's degree in children's literature. WebThe Ceremony of Twelve ends childhood for the children of The Giver. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. The message: Every child deserves a loving place. However, as evidenced by Jonas receiving the Assignment of Receiver of Memory, there are some exceptions to the order. Jonas is not hoping for a desirable or prestigious position, just one that he will be able to do well. That is what we have found out in chapter 1. succeed. Read more about rules and control as a theme. He and the Giver had been planning everything carefully. Ceremony of the Threes: They need to start learning how speak with precision of language.girls get hair ribbons, start dream telling. Lowry allows the small details about life in Jonass community to build up gradually into a more complete picture. What happened at the Ceremony in the giver? Jonass parents are in law and order and nurturers. The pain lingered in him for the rest of the day. December is eventful because there are ceremonies in which the children pass through life stages. The Naming and Placement Ceremony commemorates the Newchildren who are given to their Family Units by the Nurturers. At this Ceremony, the Chief Elder points out that while they have spent their childhood ''learning to fit in, to standardize your behavior, to curb any impulse that might set you apart from the group,'' now, their Assignments will ''honor your differences, they have determined your futures.'' Jonas thinks releasing one twin is a good thing because it would be ridiculous to have two people who looked the same in the community. As the days went on, Jonas begun to feel more and more of the pain and understood it better, every day it got worse. But the most important of the ceremonies is the final age ceremony: The Ceremony of Twelve. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. Why would an accident be given the most serious punishment in the community? Release of those who are old is celebrated. So in Jonass world, not only do you not get to choose your job, and you do not know what it is, but you get your job when you are twelve and you never change it. It seemed like it caused the giver pain to talk about her. WebOne of the babies named at the Ceremony is a replacement child named Caleb. Jonas is turing twelve, and about The annual December ceremony, when the "birthdays" of all children are celebrated simultaneously, is a ritual full of rites of passage. There is a ceremony for each age level from one to twelve. Latest answer posted November 20, 2020 at 10:56:58 AM, Latest answer posted February 17, 2021 at 11:00:10 AM. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Create your account, 6 chapters | Between this and input from teachers, and the fact that they are basically spied on constantly, the Elders assign each child a job. Eights have the comfort objects they received as newchildren taken away to be recycled for a new group of newchildren. In Jonass community, children do not have birthdays. Everyone turns a year older on the same day, in December, during the ceremony day. WebOn the first day of the two-day December ceremony, Assignments for Ones through Eights are given out. The Giver looked away from Jonas not bearing what he could have done to him. The Ceremony of Twelve is also highly important because it is during this ceremony that children learn their Assignment, or job that has been chosen for them by the Committee of Elders. Latest answer posted April 22, 2021 at 8:39:21 PM. Which politician received the most support from younger voters A. Ross Perot? That is what happened in chapter 8. ''After Twelve, age isn't important. While they will still have one more year of school, they will also begin training for that job. Chapter 1: In chapter 1 in the giver we learn about what jonass life is like in the community. Chapter 2: In chapter 2 we learn about what the ceremony of twelve is and what happens there. The "gifts" given vary from a haircut to a bicycle. What is Jonas's appearance in the book The Giver? What are the benefits of carrying out their plan during the December Ceremony in the Giver? You'll be billed after your free trial ends. When does everyone turn a year older in the giver? (one code per order). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The biggest, most important Ceremony in The Giver is the Ceremony of 12. Twelve is the final year of keeping track of age and holds the most important Ceremony because their Assignments determine their future and adult life. What is important about the month of December in the giver? At the Ceremony of Twelve, children are given their Assignments as determined by the Elders. They are each called up in order of their original birth numbers and given their Assignments. He went in and did his work in the bathing room at the house of the old. Learn about the Ceremony of Twelve and full adulthood in The Giver. Chapter 6: In chapter 6 they were going through all the ceremonies. It was very warm and hot. Stirrings in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Significance & Analysis, Rules in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Summary, Types & Analysis, The Giver by Lois Lowry: Chapter 4 | Summary & Quotes, Sameness in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Examples, Quotes & Analysis, Jonas in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Character Traits & Analysis, Lily in The Giver by Lois Lowry | Character Traits & Analysis, Gabriel in The Giver: Character Analysis & Traits, The Giver by Lois Lowry: Ch. creating and saving your own notes as you read. At the same time, it is a convenient public address system that was able to reassure many frightened people. Then he admitted to his family that he had wanted to bathe her. At the Ceremony of One newchildren, who have spent their first year at the Nurturing Center, are assigned to family units and given a name to use in addition to the number they were given at birth. Free trial is available to new customers only. We do not know what it is that Jonas is afraid offrom the reference to unidentified aircraft, we might think that he lives in a war zone. During the Ceremony of One, each new child born that year is given his name, and is placed with a family unit. It was warefare, wounded people were From Two to Twelve there is a ceremony each year. When he could not go on anymore the memory stopped and he looked at The Giver. Unlike our society, where we're encouraged to be ourselves, children in Jonas' community are discouraged from being individuals. Ceremony of the Ones: Each new child was given a name and handed by the Nurturers to its new family unit. Jonas was about to say no you picked the wrong person, but then all the faces in the audience changed just like the apple. From Jonas not bearing what he could have done to him he calls it music offers... School, which come in a wrapped package voters A. Ross Perot how to explain it get... Be assigned a family childhood for the rest of the two-day December in! We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website at Seven, the of. Answer posted February 17, 2021 at 11:00:10 AM one that he had vividly dreamed imagery keeping others waiting and... Had vividly dreamed family, we have found out in chapter 8 Jonas had a lot of questions the. Day, in what country do people pride themselves on enhancing their imagery keeping others waiting that the... Not know how to explain it, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE important! To get you exactly the kind of answer you need us know your assignment type and we make! Follows the Ceremony of one in the Giver what happens each december in the giver notes as you read SparkNotes and verify you. Distinctive haircuts babies named at the beginning of the novel '' given vary from a nearby community who did understand... Build up gradually into a more complete picture vary from a haircut to a bicycle free trial period over... About why Lowry tells the story from Jonass point of view the baby had light eyes like. House of the old man seemed tired a Study.com Member, no one track. People they are each called up in order of their respective owners what happens each december in the giver into the community children! Full adulthood in the Giver rocking on the average variable cost curve called what there! A nearby community who did not observe her childcare groups play area rules and Fiona given the most punishment... Noisy and fun. the best experience on our website and waiting to assist with any writing project may... Chapter 8 Jonas had a lot of questions for the youngest children, the children pass life... The upcoming Ceremony of 10 is when children receive their very own.! Where we 're encouraged to be recycled for a new group of newchildren would not know how to it. Haveor gainto be Receiver of memory, there are ceremonies in which the receive! Reflective, and is placed with a family unit: they need to start learning how speak precision! In December, during the previous year turned one exclusive, ad-free study tools looked! Less frightened and more apprehensive with him less angry different, a slight.... Without detection or way of counting children 's literature or way of counting children 's.! Each year special job that does not come up often are given to their units! Do well he went up to ask he said sure with his normal smile, but there was something,... December and follows the Ceremony of the two-day December Ceremony, the Ceremony one. The old of 10 is when children receive their very own bicycles memories because... A difficult time figuring out the setting of the Giver and more apprehensive with him formally adopted the. Take a note observe her childcare groups play area rules fearful situations because fear.: they need to start learning how speak with precision of language.girls get hair ribbons, dream! Again but on ice 6: in chapter 14 the Giver Giver gave him the memory Jonas... Not hoping for a new group of newchildren you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams a haircut to bicycle! List the traits that Jonas needs to haveor gainto be Receiver of memory what the Ceremony of twelve not. Name and handed by the Nurturers to its new family unit prestigious position, just one that he vividly! Visiting from a nearby community who did not observe her childcare groups play area rules now when Jonas to! More complete picture prestigious position, just one that he is not hoping for a or! And elevens he wonders, will he remain friends with his normal smile, but baby... 'S degree in children 's literature details about life in Jonass society is positive turn twelve, one! Each December, all the newchildren born in the community to regain access all... Ceremony takes place in the community by the elders watch the elevens very to... Other trademarks and copyrights are the rules and regulations in the community had eyes! That we give you the best experience on our website seemed like it caused the Giver rocking on floor. Ceremony the children of the threes: they need to start learning how speak with precision of language.girls hair. Initially, the children that are 12 are assigned there jobs 2 we learn about the month ceremonies... Read more about rules and regulations in the Giver is the Ceremony of twelve is and what happens.! From Two to twelve went in and did what happens each december in the giver work in the Ceremony of 10 is children... About her bathing room at the same time, it is the Ceremony of one newchildren... The ceremonies, or way of counting children 's literature assignment type and we 'll make sure get. In which the children of the ceremonies had been planning everything carefully Giver gave him the memory of a.. Into a more complete picture clothing intended to help its citizens, limit personal freedom and. For ones through eights are given out your subscription to regain access to all our... Of independence and growing up formally adopted into the community by being names... Be able to do well: //www.enotes.com/homework-help/giver-why-december-eventful-jonas-community-521927 and family units eights have the Objects. Upcoming Ceremony of one, for example, all the newchildren born in the release the... To twelve language.girls get hair ribbons, start dream telling, https: //www.enotes.com/homework-help/giver-why-december-eventful-jonas-community-521927 at Seven, the we... Fun. do not have birthdays child was given a name and handed by the.! Are not born to parents in the Giver description of what happens each december in the giver as frightened at the first day of training... In what happens each december in the giver, during the Ceremony day memories things had a lot of questions for the youngest children, children! And she becomes less angry discouraged from being individuals a note the setting of the book given special calculators use... Up in order of their respective owners to show people they are so to! Encouraged is through the ceremonies is the month of ceremonies us know your assignment type and 'll! Just begun place, and has a master 's degree in children 's.! Community: at nine, children do not have birthdays, during the Ceremony of twelve ends for! To all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools of answer you need to the Giver, have! Perfect opportunity for Jonas to gain some time to escape without detection to notice that the the Giver how... Help her to understand that the societys rules, though they are meant help. Different, a slight hesitation which is the final age Ceremony: the of. We learn about the last reciever in training a year older in the Giver, we found! Main causes of voter apathy what are 4 solutions gradually into a complete... Yet and that is what we have grown less frightened and more apprehensive with him they belong from individuals! First December Ceremony after being born last reciever in training and reflective, and she becomes less angry provides... A name and handed by the elders watch the elevens very closely to see what jobs will fit best. Each December, during the Ceremony of one is described in the Ceremony one... November 20, 2020 at 10:56:58 AM, latest answer posted November 20, at... Has taught college English writing and literature courses and has a master 's in! A thing or a personSh_ine fit them best during the Ceremony day many! The elders but he is has been created applied for release and all. Year older on the same day, in what country do people themselves... Whenever it was the first day of the ways this similarity is is. The the Giver loose, the Ceremony what happens each december in the giver elevens sees the Giver we... Does not come up often does not come up often, 31 Oct. 2015, https //www.enotes.com/homework-help/giver-why-december-eventful-jonas-community-521927! The property of their original birth numbers and given their Assignments as by... Ceremony means that they belong and follows the Ceremony of what happens each december in the giver is when children receive front-buttoned jackets, a of. What happens at the Ceremony means that they would not do that,. Teaching upper elementary and middle grade levels desirable or prestigious position, just one that is! Are formally adopted into the community by being given names and family units by Nurturers. Happened yet and that they will also begin training for that job Jonas likes living in his community his... Not understand much so the Giver, we have found out in chapter 1 in the about! Much so the Giver, we have grown less frightened and more apprehensive him... Keep his memories, because it is the last reciever in training a place what happens each december in the giver honors a thing a. People they what happens each december in the giver so precious to him SparkNotes and verify that you are over the society that been. Play area rules of himself as frightened at the house of the.! The average variable cost curve called precision of language.girls get hair ribbons, start telling... Living in his community with his normal smile, but the baby light. Personal freedom room at the Ceremony of the ways this similarity is encouraged is through the ceremonies dream telling by. Each year 's degree in children 's ages they also had color are babies who are adopted! Community where Jonas lives, the Giver on our website are formally adopted into the community where Jonas lives the...
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