Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. Frequency of use (in both kills and faeces) and selection index of kudu in the early dry season highlight the importance of this species to lion female diet. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). 3B). Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. Etosha They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Surface water. Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). Lions of the okavango delta. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Southern Africa The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . 2017. It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. During this time game sightings were spectacular. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Manufacturing industry accounted for some 30% of GDP in 2009. Sossusvlei David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. and common mice (Mus spp.). In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. It is located in rural area. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Overall, Jacobss indices showed avoidance of small antelopes and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) except for female lions which showed a slight preference for elephants in the wet season and consumed giraffe in proportion to their availability in the early and dry seasons (Fig. Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. spesification Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Marion Valeix, Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. Swakopmund, Pretoria Across-ecosystems, comparisons of large mammalian carnivore diet have now provided a good understanding of the preferred prey weight range of several carnivore species [6][8], but local studies are still needed to unravel the role of environmental factors and prey availability. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. 1 being water and season. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. Sahara Desert Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Your email address will not be published. A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 2). As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. 2018. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. AMCOW. Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Cameroon has two major rivers, the Sanaga, the longest at about 525 km (325 miles) long and the Wouri, the largest. What are the water sources of Cameroon? They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. Then-Gov. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Freya Van Kesteren, In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. 62% of elephants were taken in 2005, which was a drought year (rainfall: 330 mm), concurring with increasing relative contribution of elephant to lion kills in the late dry season and peak contribution in the wet season (due to many kills in November before the first rains). Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. GWP (Global Water Partnership). Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Boreholes. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. 18, ST/TCD/5. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? 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